海河低平原春季气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

郝立生  吴雁  王荣英 《气象与减灾研究》2007,30(4):20-24

根据海河低平原气候与小麦产量资料,对气候环境及其对冬小麦产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,近56 a海河低平原春季气温线性升高倾向显著,平均每10 a升高0.38℃;春季降水不存在明显的线性增大或减少趋势,2000年以来的气候环境不利于冬小麦生产。冬小麦气候单产与春季气温、降水有很好的对应关系,当气温距平为0.2～1.2℃时,小麦气候产量为正值;温度过低或过高都会使小麦减产,高温使小麦减产更严重;近年来气温持续偏高,小麦气候单产持续偏低。冬小麦产量对春季降水的需求有一个极限值,降水异常偏多和异常偏少都会使小麦减产。研究认为,通过改进种植模式、改善农田小气候,开展人工影响天气增加地面有效降水,可以增加小麦气候单产。  相似文献   

降雨的空间不均性对模拟产流量和产沙量不确定的影响   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

郝芳华  陈利群  刘昌明  张雪松 《地理科学进展》2003,22(5):446-453

在传统的水文/水质模型中,降雨被认为是在空间上均匀分布并且对模型输出的不确定性不产生影响。本文的目的是评价由于降雨的空间分布不均匀性对模型输出-产流量和产沙量-不确定性的影响。本文选取卢氏流域为研究区域,使用SWAT模型和流域内24个雨量站的降雨作为模型的输入。基于降雨空间分布均匀的假定下,每次用一个雨量站的点雨量来作为流域的面平均降雨量,模拟的产流量和产沙量的不确定性来自于降水的不均匀性。模拟的产流量和产沙量的不确定性大于降雨的不确定性,结果表明,在运用水文/水质模型时,为了准确的模拟、预测产流量和产沙量必须掌握降雨的空间分布特性并将其应用于水文、水质模拟之中。  相似文献   

土地覆被对黄河中游流域泥沙产生的影响   总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15  

卢金发  黄秀华 《地理研究》2003,22(5):571-578

本在黄河中游地区选择了近60个水测站流域，流域面积从500～2500km^2，分别代表6种不同自然地理类型。运用遥感方法和专题地图，结合野外实地调查，在流域泥沙及植被、地面物质等数据采集的基础上，利用数理统计方法，建立了流域产沙量与植被、地面物质之间的定量关系。结果表明，植被和地面物质对流域产沙量有着十分重要的影响。流域产沙量与植被之间呈现相当好的非线性负相关关系，而与地面物质呈明显的线性正相关关系。流域产沙量随植被变化存在着二个临界值，一是当流域植被覆盖度等于30％时，另一是当植被覆盖度等于70％时。这一现象以往只是在试验小区或试验流域见到，而本的研究表明，类似的现象在天然河流流域也存在。多元回归表明，在影响流域产沙量诸因素中，植被的影响是最重要的，其次是地面物质。  相似文献   

冬小麦水肥生产函数的Jensen模型和人工神经网络模型及其应用   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14       下载免费PDF全文

周智伟  尚松浩  雷志栋 《水科学进展》2003,14(3):280-284

作物水肥生产函数研究是非充分灌溉理论的重要内容,也是提高农田水、肥利用效率的基础.在作物水分生产函数Jensen模型的基础上,引入肥料因子构造了水肥生产函数的Jensen模型;同时构造了作物水肥生产函数的人工神经网络模型.利用北京地区冬小麦田间试验资料对以上2个模型进行了分析,表明以上模型均可用于描述水分、肥料等因素对作物产量的影响,进而可对作物产量进行预测,且模型都具备一定的精度.  相似文献   

Improvements in resource recovery at Stauffer's Big Island Mine     

J. F. T. Agapito  R. V. Hunter 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1988,6(3):195-214

Summary Significant increases in extraction ratio on the order of 6 to 8%, equivalent to as much as 142 t/m of panel advance, have occurred at the Big Island Mine during the last five years with the help of a practical rock mechanics program. This increase in resource recovery has also contributed to improvements in productivity. Both conventional and continuous machine mining have been used to mine two flat-laying trona beds at depths of 250 and 260 m in the Green River Formation in southwestern Wyoming.Conventional room and pillar mining originally was conducted in panels with extraction ratios of 58 to 60%. The use of yield pillars has allowed the panel extraction to increase to 66%. Continuous machine mining was introduced recently, with a 64% extraction ratio using long, narrow pillars and wide rooms. Further improvements in resource recovery seem feasible in the light of present mining experience.The rock mechanics program consisted of field instrumentation to determine the pillar and roof response to mining, and computer modelling to evaluate and help determine the stability of various layouts, which were then adopted for mining.  相似文献   

Rainfall,runoff and erosion on bare arable soils in east Shropshire,England     

Michael A. Fullen  Alan Harrison Reed 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1986,11(4):413-425

The magnitude, frequency, and duration of erosive rainfall on bare arable soils is investigated within an area of sandy soils in east Shropshire. Rainfall parameters are compared with runoff and erosion from ten 25 m² runoff plots, maintained in a bare condition on slopes of varying steepness. On rain-drop compacted (capped) soils measured erosion rates of ≦ 42.7t ha^?1 occur during individual storms. Erosion rates increase markedly with slope and on slopes > ? 13° are largely attributable to rill erosion. Prolonged duration, low intensity events cause relatively little erosion; most is accomplished by short duration, high intensity (> 10 mm h^?1) convective rainstorms. Comparison of measured erosion-producing events and long-term rainfall records indicate that potentially erosive storms are quite frequent, and are most likely to cause erosion in late spring/early summer.  相似文献   

Observations of teleseismicP wave coda for underground explosions     

Christopher S. Lynnes  Thorne Lay 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,128(1-2):231-249

The earlyP wave coda (5–15 sec after the first arrival) of underground explosions at the Nevada Test Site is studied in the time domain using 2082 teleseismic short-period recordings, with the intent of identifying near-source contributions to the signals in the frequency range 0.2–2.0 Hz. Smaller magnitude events tend to have relatively high coda levels in the 0.4–0.8 Hz frequency band for both Yucca Flat and Pahute Mesa explosions. Coda complexity in this low-frequency passband is negatively correlated with burial depth for Pahute Mesa events but is only weakly correlated with depth for Yucca Flat events. Enhanced excitation of relatively long-period scattered waves for smaller, less deeply buried events is required to explain this behavior. Coda complexity in the 0.8–1.1 Hz band is positively correlated with magnitude and depth for Pahute Mesa events, but has no such dependence for Yucca Flat events. This may result from systematic variations between the spectra of direct signals and coda arrivals caused bypP interference for the largest events, all of which were detonated at Pahute Mesa. Another possible explanation is a frequency-dependent propagation effect on the direct signals of the larger events, most of which were located in the center of the mesa overlying strong lateral velocity gradients in the crust and upper mantle. Event average complexity varies spatially for both test sites, particularly in the 0.8–1.1 Hz band, providing evidence for frequency-dependent focussing or scattering by near-source structure. Both the direct arrivals and the early coda have strong azimuthal amplitude patterns that are produced by defocussing by mantle heterogeneity. The direct arrivals have stronger coherent azimuthal patterns than the early coda for Pahute Mesa events, indicating more pronounced deep crustal and shallow mantle defocussing for the direct signals. However, for Yucca Flat events the direct arrivals have less coherent azimuthal patterns than the coda, suggesting that a highly variable component of near-source scattering preferentially affecting the downgoing energy is superimposed on a pattern produced by mantle heterogeneity that affects the entire signal. This complicated behavior of the direct arrivals may be the result of triplications and caustics produced by the complex basement structure known to underlie the Yucca Flat test site. The presence of strong azimuthal patterns in the early coda indicates that source strength estimates based on early coda are subject to biases similar to those affecting estimates based on direct arrivals.  相似文献   

岩石破碎理论中滑移线场的构造     

殷绥域 《地球科学》1990,15(2):221-228

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Complexities of rock fracture and rock friction from deformation of Westerly granite     

Ganglin Chen  Hartmut Spetzler 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,140(1):95-121

A series of rock friction experiments has been carried out to study the complexities in rock fracture and rock friction. Intact Westerly granite samples were loaded to shear failure in a laboratory polyaxial loading apparatus. The resultant fractured samples were reloaded to cause frictional sliding. Both polyaxial loading (₁ > ₂ > ₃ > 0) and equal confining condition (₁ > ₂ = ₃ > 0) were used. The deformation processes were monitored by macroscopic axial stress-strain, optical holography, and ultrasonic velocity measurements.Intense localized deformation along the fracture occurred very early in the loading of fractured samples. Contacts on the fracture surfaces continuously broke during loading. No acoustic velocity anomaly was observed for the fractured sample, in contrast to a 25% drop in the velocity before the failure of the corresponding intact sample. The current study and previous research suggest that the deformation localization is an important process in governing the instability of rock friction. Instability analysis of rock friction needs to include not only the deformation processes along the sliding surfaces, but also those adjacent to the fractures such as the localized deformation along the fractures observed in the current study. The instability analysis of rock friction with rate- and state-dependent friction laws does not specifically include the deformation localization adjacent to the faults and thus ignores an important class of instability as described byRudnicki (1977).A dependence of frictional strengths on the stress components normal to the sliding and in the plane of the fracture surface was observed. This dependence can be understood by considering the loading of the irregular fracture surface under polyaxial loading conditions. This observation requires the friction laws in the macroscopic scale to be modified for those cases where the three principal stresses (₁, ₂, and ₃) are significantly different.  相似文献   

陕西中部地区粮食增产潜力及措施     

彭珂珊 《山地学报》1993,(3)

农业是国民经济的基础,粮食是基础的基础。陕西中部地区素有“陕西粮仓”之称,探索其发展规律,分析其障碍因素,寻求其发展潜力,采取“一靠政策,二靠科技,三靠投入”的战略措施,对同类地区的粮食发展具有重要意义。  相似文献